Nubian Levallois cores are among the most debated artefact types in Palaeolithic archaeology. Previous research has primarily focused on their definition and technological characteristics, with discussions of their distribution framed only in qualitative terms. Here, we present the first quantitative spatial analysis of sites with Nubian Levallois cores across three regions. Using modelled Pleistocene conditions for various bioclimatic and topographic variables, we compare the environmental context of 75 sites featuring Nubian cores with 49 contemporaneous sites where they are absent during MIS 5. Our results show that during MIS 5, Nubian cores are found in areas characterized by aridity, complex topography, and high biomass. We propose that environmental factors played a more significant role in the adoption of the Nubian Levallois method than previously acknowledged. Our findings provide essential environmental context for future model-testing of Late Pleistocene demography and cultural connectivity during this critical phase of human evolution.
Does the research end here? While our study offers novel insights and a strong foundation for future model-testing, we intend to delve deeper into regional patterns at a finer scale. Our ongoing work also investigates variations in core shape and the associated pointed tools — a subject already examined in a recently published paper. Looking ahead, we aim to better understand the technological and functional advantages of this method through future experimental research replicating this distinctive – and controversial – Paleolithic technology.
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